Volume: 56 Issue: 4
Year: 2025, Page: 558-565, Doi: https://doi.org/10.51966/jvas.2025.56.4.558-565
Received: June 9, 2025 Accepted: Oct. 25, 2025 Published: Dec. 31, 2025
This study evaluated the regenerative potential of a mineralised collagenous periosteum in critical-size femoral defects in rats. A six-millimetre diaphyseal defect was created in the right femur of all animals and was grafted with a hydroxyapatite (HA)-doped collagen sleeve filled with silica-coated hydroxyapatite (HASi) granules. Healing was assessed using radiography, histology and bone turnover markers. The test graft showed early integration with host bone by the fourth week, evidenced by cortical bridging and medullary recanalisation by week twelve. Radiographically, the test graft material remained stable throughout the healing process and achieved complete healing by week twelve, while bone turnover marker analysis confirmed the early initiation of bone regeneration. Histological examination revealed uniform new bone deposition and advanced bone maturation with well-organised lamellar bone and bone marrow by week twelve, without signs of inflammation or fibrous tissue proliferation. The study demonstrated the bone healing efficacy of HA-doped collagen sleeve filled with HASi granules in critical-sized femoral defects in rats.
Keywords: Periosteum, collagen sleeve, HASi, bone grafting
Costa, C.M., Bernardes, G., Ely, J.B. and Porto, L.M.2011. Proposal for access to the femur inrats. Int. J. Biotechnol. 2: 73-79.
Anu D, Fernandez, F.B., Parathazhathayil, D., Surendran, S., Mampilly, P., Sainulabdeen, A., Remya, V. and Harikrishna, V. 2024. Effects of polyvinyl alcohol– hydroxyapatite composite ceramic on calvarial defects with critical size in rat models. Lab. Anim. Res. 3: .40-46.
Dinesh, P. T. 2018. Healing of bone defects treated with tri-phasic composite bio- ceramic in rat models. Ph.D. thesis. Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, 142p.
Dinesh, P.T., Venugopalan, S.K., Martin, J.K.D., Devanand C.B., Pillai, U.N. and Nair, D. 2018. Radiographic evaluation of healing of critical size defects of femur treated with tri-phasic composite bio- ceramic implants in rat models. Indian J. Nat. Sci. 9: 15504-15507.
Goldberg, V. M. and Akhavan, S. 2005. In: Friedlaender, G.E. and Lieberman, J.R. (ed.), Bone Regeneration and Repair: Biology and Clinical Applications. (1stEd.). Springer, New York, pp. 57-65.
Li, N., Song, J., Zhu, G., Li, X., Liu, L. and Shi, X. 2016. Periosteum tissue engineering-A review. Biomater. Sci. 4: 1554–1561.
Li, Y., Chen, S., Li, L., Qin, L., Wang, X. and Lai, Y. 2015. Bone defect animal models for testing efficacy of bone substitute biomaterials. J. Orthop. Translation. 3: 95-104.
Manasa, M., Dinesh, P.T., Fernandez, F.B., Sooryadas, S., Palekkodan, H., Anoop, S., Jineshkumar, N.S., Remya, V. and Varma, H.K. 2023. Radiographic evaluation of healing of critical size calvarial defects treated with decellularised tissue engineered HASi in rat models. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 54: 916-920.
Mills, L. and Simpson, A. 2012. In vivo models for bone repair. J. Bone Jt. Surg. 94: 865-874.
Nair, M.B., Varma, H.K. and John, A. 2009. Triphasic ceramic coated hydroxyapatite as a niche for goat stem cell-derived osteoblasts for bone regeneration and repair. J. Matr. Sci. Matr. Med. 20: 251-258.
Parizi. A.M., Oryan, A., Sarvestani, S.Z. and Bigham, A.S. 2012. Human platelet rich plasma plus Persian Gulf coral effects on experimental bone healing in rabbit model: radiological, histological, macroscopical and biomechanical evaluation. J. Mater. Sci. Mater Med. 23: 473-483.
Peng, F., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Zhao, R., Cao, Z., Chen, S., Ruan, Y., Wu, J., Song, T., Qiu, Z. and Yang, X. 2023. Guided bone regeneration in long-bone defect with a bilayer mineralized collagen membrane. Collagen and Leather. 5: 36.
Qiu, Q.Q., Mendenhall, H.V., Garlick, D.S. and Connor, J. 2007. Evaluation of bone regeneration at critical‐sized calvarial defect by DBM/AM composite. J. Biome. Matr. Res. Appl. Biomater. 81: 516-523.
Rao, R., Dinesh, P.T., Sooryadas, S., Chandy, G. and Mathew, M. 2021. Successful utilization of triphasic silica containing ceramic coated hydroxyapatite (HASi) for the treatment of comminuted tibial fracture in a goat: a case report. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 52: 200-203.
Suresh, D., Syam, K.V., Chandy, G., Sooryadas, S. and Deepa, P.M. 2017. Radiographical evaluation of Sr-HASi bioceramic substitute for critical size bone defect in a goat- Clinical study. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 48: 40-42.
Yang, Q., Xu, M., Fang, H., Gao, Y., Zhu, D., Wang, J. and Chen, Y. 2024. Targeting micromotion for mimicking natural bone healing by using NIPAM/Nb2C hydrogel. Bioact. Mater. 39: 41-58.
Zhengwei, Li., Du, T., Ruan, C. and Niu, X. 2021. Bioinspired mineralised collagen
scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Bioact. Mater. 6: 1491- 1511.
© 2025 Shibu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Shibu, P.N., Dinesh, P.T., Francis, B.F., Narayanan, M.K., Sooryadas, S., Kumar, N.S.J., Remya, V., Pradeep, M. and Palekkodan, H.2025 Collagen coated HASi granules as a substitute for artificial periosteum for the repair of critical size femoral defects in rat models. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 56 (4): 558-565