Volume: 57 Issue: 1
Year: 2026, Page: 98-103, Doi: https://doi.org/10.51966/jvas.2026.57.1.98-103
Received: Sept. 12, 2025 Accepted: Dec. 1, 2025 Published: March 31, 2026
The present study was conducted in six dogs with the objective of evaluation of the haemodynamic stability of total intravenous anaesthesia with etomidate and constant rate infusion with ketamine-lignocaine for maintaining anaesthesia in dogs having cardiovascular diseases. The dogs presented for various surgical procedures were subjected to routine clinical examination and cardiovascular evaluation. Following this, six dogs with cardiovascular diseases, presented for various soft tissue surgical procedures, were selected for the study. The cardiovascular diseases identified were mitral valvular disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, pre-clinical dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular hypertrophy. All the anaesthetic medications were given intravenously. The dogs were pre-anaesthetised with butorphanol and diazepam. Etomidate was given for anaesthetic induction. Ketamine at sub-anaesthetic doses and lignocaine were given for analgesia. Injection ketamine-lignocaine was administered as CRI for maintaining analgesia. Cardiovascular stability was assessed through the monitoring of vital signs, saturation of peripheral oxygen, end-tidal carbon dioxide, blood pressure and ECG. Eye ball position, pupil size and signs of nociception were also monitored. All the anaesthetic parameters were within the physiological limit with no significant difference during different periods of observation. The present protocol provided the required cardiovascular stability for the successful completion of all the six surgeries.
Keywords: Anaesthesia, Etomidate, Cardiovascular diseases
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© 2026 Babu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Babu, A., Ramankutty, S., Syam, K. V., Anoop, S., Nijin, J. B. M., Sindhu, K. R. & Gleeja, V.L. (2025). Evaluation of haemodynamic stability during multimodal total intravenous anaesthesia with etomidate in dogs having cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 57 (1),98-103 https://doi.org/10.51966/jvas.2026.57.1.98-103