Volume: 54 Issue: 4
Year: 2023, Page: 1061-1071, Doi: https://doi.org/10.51966/jvas.2023.54.4.1061-1071
Received: April 12, 2023 Accepted: July 19, 2023 Published: Dec. 31, 2023
Present study envisaged the molecular identification of pathogenic Leptospira spp. from cases of abortions, stillbirths and foetal mummifications in pigs and to confirm the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among pigs from organised and semi-organised farms of Northern Kerala. Whole blood (n=21) from aborted sows and tissue (n=32) samples from aborted foetus tested negative for presence of lipl32 gene of Leptospira by polymerase chain reaction. From the epidemiological data collected, the highest occurrence of swine abortion was found within the age group of one to two years (81.25%) in Large White Yorkshire (56.25%) and during December (40.62%). It is observed that majority of animals with reproductive disorders were housed indoors, housed individually and not fed with additional supplements and hotel wastes. All the sows were regularly dewormed and vaccinated. Haematological studies of aborted sows showed marked anaemia, leucocytosis, granulocytosis and monocytopaenia. Sera samples (n=34) collected from pigs with history of abortion were subjected to Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) and it was observed that Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagia was the most prevalent serovar (32.35 per cent, followed by serovar Tarassovi (23.53 per cent), Pomona (14.71 per cent), Canicola (11.76 per cent), and Grippotyphosa (8.82 per cent). An overall seroprevalence of 52.94 per cent for Leptospirosis among pigs was observed.
Keywords: Leptospira, lipl32 gene, microscopic agglutination test, swine, abortion
Alexander, A.D., Smith, O.H., Hiatt, C.W. and Gleiser, C.A. 1956. Presence of hemolysin in cultures of pathogenic leptospires. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 91(2): 205-211.
Amutha, R., Chaudhary, P., Garg, A.P., Vasan, P., Cheema, P.S. and Srivastava, S.K. 2007. Cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding lipl32 of Leptospira interrogans serovar Sejroe. Vet. Res. Commun. 31: 513-519.
Asdell, S.A. and Willman, J.P. 1941. The causes of stillbirth in swine and an attempt to control it. J. Agric. Res. 63: 345-354.
Bauer, D.C. and Morse, E.V. 1958. Variation and hemolysin production in relation to virulence of Leptospira pomona. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 98(3): 505-508.
Bauer, D.C., Eames, L.N., Sleight, S.D. and Ferguson, L.C. 1961. The significance of leptospiral hemolysin in the pathogenesis of Leptospira pomona infections. J. Infect. Dis. 108(2): 229-236.
Behera, S.K., Sabarinath, T., Singh, R., Hota, A., Shanmugham, C.S., Kumar, A., Kumar, S., Sahu, R., Verma, M.R., Balasubramanian, G. and Rialch, A. 2021. Risk Factors Associated with Porcine Leptospirosis in Uttar Pradesh, India. J. Anim. Res. 11(4): 561-570.
Bhattarai, S., Framstad, T. and Nielsen, J.P. 2018. Stillbirths in relation to sow hematological parameters at farrowing: A cohort study. J. Swine Hlth. Prod. 26(4): 215-222.
Blasco, A., Bidanel, J.P. and Haley, C.S. 1995. Genetics and neonatal survival. In: Varley, M.A. (ed.) The Neonatal Pig: Development and Survival. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 17-38.
Borges, V.F., Bernardi, M.L., Bortolozzo, F.P. and Wentz, I. 2005. Risk factors for stillbirth and foetal mummification in four Brazilian swine herds. Prev. Vet. Med. 70(4): 165-176.
Braude, R., Clarke, P.M. and Mitchell, K.G. 1954. Analysis of the breeding records of a herd of pigs. J. Agric. Sci. 45(1): 19-27.
Canario, L., Cantoni, E.L.B.E., Le Bihan, E., Caritez, J.C., Billon, Y., Bidanel, J.P. and Foulley, J.L. 2006. Between-breed variability of stillbirth and its relationship with sow and piglet characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 84(12): 3185-3196.
Cheema, P.S., Srivastava, S.K., Amutha, R., Singh, S., Singh, H. and Sandey, M. 2007. Detection of pathogenic leptospires in animals by PCR based on lipl21 and lipl32 genes. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 45: 568-573.
Cooper, C.A., Moraes, L.E., Murray, J.D. and Owens, S.D. 2014. Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for specific pathogen free 6-week-old Hampshire-Yorkshire crossbred pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Biotech. 5(1): 1-6.
Delbem, Á.C.B., Freitas, J.C.D., Bracarense, A.P.F., Müller, E.E. and Oliveira, R.C.D. 2002. Leptospirosis in slaughtered sows: serological and histopathological investigation. Brazilian J. Microbiol. 33:174-177.
Delbem, Á.C.B., Freire, R.L., Silva, C.A.D., Müller, E.E., Dias, R.A., Ferreira Neto, J.S. and Freitas, J.C.D. 2004. Risk factors associated to leptospirosis seropositiveness in sows. Ciência Rural. 34: 847-852.
Faine, S., Adler, B., Bolin, C. and Perolat, P.1999. Leptospira and Leptospirosis. (2nd Ed.). Medisci Press, Melbourne, Australia, 272p.
Goris, M.G. and Hartskeerl, R.A. 2014. Leptospirosis serodiagnosis by the microscopic agglutination test. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 32(1): 12-15.
Habus, J., Persic, Z., Spicic, S., Vince, S., Stritof, Z., Milas, Z., Cvetnic, Z., Perharic, M. and Turk, N. 2017. New trends in human and animal leptospirosis in Croatia, 2009–2014. Acta Tropica. 168: 1-8.
Holler, L.D. 1994. Diagnosis of swine abortion. J. Swine Hlth. Prod. 2: 29-31.
Ježek, J., Starič, J., Nemec, M., Plut, J., Oven, I.G., Klinkon, M. and Štukelj, M. 2018. The influence of age, farm, and physiological status on pig hematological profiles. J. Swine Hlth. Prod. 26(2): 72-78.
Leenhouwers, J.I., Van Der Lende, T. and Knol, E.F. 1999. Analysis of stillbirth in different lines of pig. Livestock Prod. Sci. 57(3): 243-253.
Lucia Jr, T., Corrêa, M.N., Deschamps, J.C., Bianchi, I., Donin, M.A., Machado, A.C., Meincke, W. and Matheus, J.E. 2002. Risk factors for stillbirths in two swine farms in the south of Brazil. Prev. Vet. Med. 53(4): 285-292.
Mousing, J., Christensen, J., Haugegaard, J., Schirmer, A.L. and Friis, N.F. 1995. A seroepidemiological survey of Leptospira bratislava infections in lDanish sow herds. Prev. Vet. Med. 23(4): 201-213.
OIE [World Organisation for Animal Health]. 2014. Leptospirosis. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. (7th Ed.). World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France, 324p.
Ramos, A.C., Souza, G.N. and Lilenbaum, W. 2006. Influence of leptospirosis on reproductive performance of sows in Brazil. Theriogenology. 66: 1021- 1025.
Ravindranath, N.H., Rao, S., Sharma, N., Nair, M., Gopalakrishnan, R., Rao, A.S., Malaviya, S., Tiwari, R., Sagadevan, A., Munsi, M. and Krishna, N. 2011. Climate change vulnerability profiles for North East India. Curr. Sci. 100(3): 384-394.
Suepaul, S.M., Carrington, C.V., Campbell, M., Borde, G. and Adesiyun, A.A. 2011. Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in livestock in Trinidad. Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod. 43: 367-375.
Tangkanakul, W., Smits, H.L., Jatanasen, S. and Ashford, D.A. 2005. Leptospirosis: an emerging health problem in Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop Med. Public Hlth. 36(2): 281-288
Yung, B.Y., Song, Y.K., Choi, J.S., Lee, K.W., Ha, T.Y., Yoon, S.S., Kweon, C.H. and Park, C.K. 2008. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in animals in Korea. Vet. Rec. 163(1): 28-31.
© 2023 Bismitha et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Bismitha, P.V., Bipin, K.C., Deepa, P.M., Vijayakumar, K. and Chacko, L. 2023. Molecular detection and seroprevalence of Leptospirosis among recently aborted sows in Northern Kerala, India. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 54(4):1061-1071
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51966/jvas.2023.54.4.1061-1071