Volume: 53 Issue: 3
Year: 2022, Page: 407-412, Doi: https://doi.org/10.51966/jvas.2022.53.3.407-412
Received: Feb. 12, 2022 Accepted: March 31, 2022 Published: Sept. 30, 2022
Bacterial infections are difficult to treat, especially those infected with resistant bacteria. Due to the haphazard use of antibiotics in humans and animals, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has developed resistance to practically all commercially available antibacterial drugs. Exploring natural plant compounds with antibacterial activity could be beneficial in the treatment of infections with MRSA and Staphylococcus aureus. Andrographolide, a labdane diterpenoid derived from Andrographis paniculata, and Hordenine, a phenethylamine alkaloid found in Hordeum vulgare, are reported to have antibacterial activity. In the present study, the antibacterial activity of andrographolide and hordenine was tested against MRSA and S. aureus using the KirbyBauer agar disc diffusion method and the modified resazurin microtiter plate assay. The results of the study revealed that both andrographolide and hordenine at various concentrations did not show any zone of inhibition against MRSA and S. aureus. Hordenine showed an MIC of 1000 µg/mL against MRSA and S. aureus, but andrographolide had no effect on both MRSA and S. aureus.
Keywords: Andrographolide, Hordenine, antibacterial activity, MRSA, S. aureus
Chen, Z.G., Zhu, Q., Zong, M.H., Gu, Z.X. and Han, Y.B. 2011. Enzymatic synthesis and antibacterial activity of andrographolide derivatives. Process Biochem. 46: 1649-1653.
CLSI [Clinical and laboratory standards institute]. 2020. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: CLSI supplement M 100. (30th Ed). Wayne, P A. 332p.
Dai, Y., Chen, S.R., Chai, L., Zhao, J., Wang, Y. and Wang, Y. 2019. Overview of pharmacological activities of Andrographis paniculata and its major compound andrographolide. Crit. Rev. food Sci. Nutr. 59: S17-S29.
Ganapathy, S. and Karpagam, S. 2016. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial potential of Andrographis paniculata against resistant bacterial pathogens methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multiple drug resistant Escherichia coli (MDR E. coli). Int. J. Bioassays. 5: 4879-4881.
Hiramatsu, K., Katayama, Y., Matsuo, M., Sasaki, T., Morimoto, Y., Sekiguchi, A. and Baba, T. 2014. Multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and future chemotherapy. J. Infect. Chemother. 20: 593-601.
Jaounil, S.A. and Selim, S. 2017. Antimicrobial and antimutagenicity potentials of Hordeum vulgare L. extract. Biosci. Res. 14: 139-142.
Joshi, S., Ray, P., Manchanda, V., Bajaj, J., Chitnis, D.S., Gautam, V., Goswami, P., Gupta, V., Harish, B.N., Kagal, A. and Kapil, A. 2013. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in India: prevalence & susceptibility pattern. The Indian J. Med. Res. 137: 363-369.
Leelarasamee, A., Trakulsomboon, S. and Sittisomwong, N. 1990. Undetectable anti-bacterial activity of Andrographis paniculata (Burma) wall. Ex ness. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 73: 299-304.
Mohammed, T.K., Aqel, N. and Al-Dujaili, E.A. 2020. Antimicrobial activity of liquid residues of Cymbopogon citratus oil extracts. J. Phys: Conf. Ser. 1660: 12006-12023.
Ong, I. 2020. Zone of inhibition test: why bigger isn't always better. Microban. [on line]. Available: https://www.microban.com/blog/zone-inhibition-test-bigger-not-always-better. [16 April 2020].
Rashid, K., Kumar, C.S. and Haleel, P.M. 2017. Healthcare benefits of Hordeum vulgare L (Barley): A phyto-pharmacological review. Res. J. Pharmacol. Pharmacodynamics. 9: 207-210.
Xu, Y., Marshall, R.L. and Mukkur, T.K. 2006. An investigation on the antimicrobial activity of Andrographis paniculata extracts and andrographolide in vitro. Asian J. Pl. Sci. 5: 527-530.
© 2022 Vidyavarsha et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Vidyavarsha, S. J., Bibu John Kariyil, Varsha Unni, Jess Vergis, Sanis Juliet, Preethy John and Anoopraj R. 2022. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 53 (3): 407-412
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51966/jvas.2022.53.3.407-412